Universal Basic Income and the Ethics of Redistribution: Moral Foundations and Policy Implications

Abstract

Universal Basic Income (UBI) has emerged as a significant policy proposal for addressing persistent poverty, inequality, unemployment, and social exclusion. This paper examines the ethical foundations, economic implications, and political feasibility of UBI, with particular reference to Nigeria. Drawing on contemporary literature, the study analyses UBI through the lenses of justice, fairness, solidarity, citizenship, and wealth redistribution, while considering the influence of cultural values and moral reasoning on public support for redistributive policies. The paper further explores the potential economic and social benefits of UBI, including poverty reduction, improved social welfare, enhanced economic security, entrepreneurship, and greater social cohesion, alongside concerns relating to fiscal sustainability, inflationary pressures, governance, and political resistance. Particular attention is given to financing mechanisms, institutional reforms, pilot implementation strategies, and the need for public education and stakeholder engagement to strengthen policy acceptance. The analysis suggests that, although substantial fiscal and governance challenges remain, a carefully designed and transparently administered UBI programme could complement existing social protection initiatives and contribute to inclusive development in Nigeria. The paper concludes that successful implementation will depend on strong political commitment, sound fiscal reforms, institutional accountability, and sustained public support to ensure that UBI advances social justice, reduces inequality, and promotes long-term national development.